BioPolicyWiki - User contributions [en]

Timor-Leste

2015-08-06T22:29:54Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Timor-Leste
|image_flag=Timor.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=1115000
|GDP=459
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=?
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Hong Kong

2015-08-06T22:21:59Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Hong Kong
|image_flag=Flag_of_Hong_Kong.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=7234800
|GDP=310.074
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited; unrecognized
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Assisted reproduction is governed by the [http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/795C7496522C8237482575EF001B5A45?OpenDocument&bt=0 Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance] (Cap. 561, Laws of Hong Kong).

The regulatory/ licensing body for ART in Hong Kong is the [http://www.chrt.org.hk/eindex.html Council on Human Reproductive Technology].
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices='''Assisted Reproduction'''

Under section 8 of the Ordinance, the Code of Practice on Reproductive Technology and Embryo Research (the Code) has been produced to provide guidelines for ART service providers and embryo research in Hong Kong.

Under the guidelines, ART treatment should only be provided to legally married couples.

'''Access'''

In assessing the suitability for ART treatment, the welfare of the child is of paramount importance.

The following factors will be considered in assessing a couple’s suitability for ART treatment:
*Their physical, mental, and social well-being
*Their medical histories and the medical histories of their families
*Their ages and likely future ability to look after or provide for a child's needs
*Their commitment to having and bringing up a child or children
*Their ability to provide a stable and supportive environment for any child born as a result of treatment
*Their ability to meet the needs of any child or children who may be born as a result of treatment, including the implications of any possible multiple births or disability
*Any risk of harm to the child or children who may be born, including the risk of inherited disorders, problems during pregnancy, and of neglect or abuse

Note: “The Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance, passed in 1997, dictates that fertility treatment in Hong Kong can only be offered to heterosexual married couples. But, that legislation could possibly change as the Equal Opportunities Commission is in the midst of completing a public consultation on the review of discrimination law.” (See http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/1677954/hong-kong-ban-ivf-unwed-discriminatory-say-critics.)

'''Surrogacy'''

Commercial surrogacy is prohibited by statute (s 17), and any surrogacy arrangement is unenforceable (s 18).

'''Gamete and Embryo Donation'''

Gamete and embryo donation are not permitted. Only the gametes and embryos of the intended parents (or the surrogate mother) may be used.

'''Embryo Research'''

Embryo research requires a license. In order to obtain a license the research must be:
*to promote advances in the treatment of infertility;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of congenital disease;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of miscarriages;
*to develop more effective techniques of contraception;
*to develop methods for detecting the presence of gene or chromosome abnormalities in embryos before implantation;
*to increase knowledge about the development of embryos;
*to increase knowledge about serious disease; or
*to enable such knowledge to be applied in the development of treatments to combat serious disease
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Hong Kong

2015-08-06T22:20:20Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Kong Hong
|image_flag=Flag_of_Hong_Kong.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=7234800
|GDP=310.074
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited; unrecognized
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Assisted reproduction is governed by the [http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/795C7496522C8237482575EF001B5A45?OpenDocument&bt=0 Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance] (Cap. 561, Laws of Hong Kong).

The regulatory/ licensing body for ART in Hong Kong is the [http://www.chrt.org.hk/eindex.html Council on Human Reproductive Technology].
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices='''Assisted Reproduction'''

Under section 8 of the Ordinance, the Code of Practice on Reproductive Technology and Embryo Research (the Code) has been produced to provide guidelines for ART service providers and embryo research in Hong Kong.

Under the guidelines, ART treatment should only be provided to legally married couples.

'''Access'''

In assessing the suitability for ART treatment, the welfare of the child is of paramount importance.

The following factors will be considered in assessing a couple’s suitability for ART treatment:
*Their physical, mental, and social well-being
*Their medical histories and the medical histories of their families
*Their ages and likely future ability to look after or provide for a child's needs
*Their commitment to having and bringing up a child or children
*Their ability to provide a stable and supportive environment for any child born as a result of treatment
*Their ability to meet the needs of any child or children who may be born as a result of treatment, including the implications of any possible multiple births or disability
*Any risk of harm to the child or children who may be born, including the risk of inherited disorders, problems during pregnancy, and of neglect or abuse

Note: “The Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance, passed in 1997, dictates that fertility treatment in Hong Kong can only be offered to heterosexual married couples. But, that legislation could possibly change as the Equal Opportunities Commission is in the midst of completing a public consultation on the review of discrimination law.” (See http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/1677954/hong-kong-ban-ivf-unwed-discriminatory-say-critics.)

'''Surrogacy'''

Commercial surrogacy is prohibited by statute (s 17), and any surrogacy arrangement is unenforceable (s 18).

'''Gamete and Embryo Donation'''

Gamete and embryo donation are not permitted. Only the gametes and embryos of the intended parents (or the surrogate mother) may be used.

'''Embryo Research'''

Embryo research requires a license. In order to obtain a license the research must be:
*to promote advances in the treatment of infertility;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of congenital disease;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of miscarriages;
*to develop more effective techniques of contraception;
*to develop methods for detecting the presence of gene or chromosome abnormalities in embryos before implantation;
*to increase knowledge about the development of embryos;
*to increase knowledge about serious disease; or
*to enable such knowledge to be applied in the development of treatments to combat serious disease
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Hong Kong

2015-08-06T22:19:23Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name= Hong Kong
|image_flag=Flag_of_Hong_Kong.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=7234800
|GDP=310.074
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited; unrecognized
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Assisted reproduction is governed by the [http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/795C7496522C8237482575EF001B5A45?OpenDocument&bt=0 Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance] (Cap. 561, Laws of Hong Kong).

The regulatory/ licensing body for ART in Hong Kong is the [http://www.chrt.org.hk/eindex.html Council on Human Reproductive Technology].
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices='''Assisted Reproduction'''

Under section 8 of the Ordinance, the Code of Practice on Reproductive Technology and Embryo Research (the Code) has been produced to provide guidelines for ART service providers and embryo research in Hong Kong.

Under the guidelines, ART treatment should only be provided to legally married couples.

'''Access'''

In assessing the suitability for ART treatment, the welfare of the child is of paramount importance.

The following factors will be considered in assessing a couple’s suitability for ART treatment:
*Their physical, mental, and social well-being
*Their medical histories and the medical histories of their families
*Their ages and likely future ability to look after or provide for a child's needs
*Their commitment to having and bringing up a child or children
*Their ability to provide a stable and supportive environment for any child born as a result of treatment
*Their ability to meet the needs of any child or children who may be born as a result of treatment, including the implications of any possible multiple births or disability
*Any risk of harm to the child or children who may be born, including the risk of inherited disorders, problems during pregnancy, and of neglect or abuse

Note: “The Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance, passed in 1997, dictates that fertility treatment in Hong Kong can only be offered to heterosexual married couples. But, that legislation could possibly change as the Equal Opportunities Commission is in the midst of completing a public consultation on the review of discrimination law.” (See http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/1677954/hong-kong-ban-ivf-unwed-discriminatory-say-critics.)

'''Surrogacy'''

Commercial surrogacy is prohibited by statute (s 17), and any surrogacy arrangement is unenforceable (s 18).

'''Gamete and Embryo Donation'''

Gamete and embryo donation are not permitted. Only the gametes and embryos of the intended parents (or the surrogate mother) may be used.

'''Embryo Research'''

Embryo research requires a license. In order to obtain a license the research must be:
*to promote advances in the treatment of infertility;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of congenital disease;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of miscarriages;
*to develop more effective techniques of contraception;
*to develop methods for detecting the presence of gene or chromosome abnormalities in embryos before implantation;
*to increase knowledge about the development of embryos;
*to increase knowledge about serious disease; or
*to enable such knowledge to be applied in the development of treatments to combat serious disease
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Hong Kong

2015-08-06T22:18:41Z

Administrator:

Hong Kong

2015-08-06T22:17:39Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Hong
|image_flag=Flag_of_Hong_Kong.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=7234800
|GDP=310.074
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited; unrecognized
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=Assisted reproduction is governed by the [http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/795C7496522C8237482575EF001B5A45?OpenDocument&bt=0 Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance] (Cap. 561, Laws of Hong Kong).

The regulatory/ licensing body for ART in Hong Kong is the [http://www.chrt.org.hk/eindex.html Council on Human Reproductive Technology].
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices='''Assisted Reproduction'''

Under section 8 of the Ordinance, the Code of Practice on Reproductive Technology and Embryo Research (the Code) has been produced to provide guidelines for ART service providers and embryo research in Hong Kong.

Under the guidelines, ART treatment should only be provided to legally married couples.

'''Access'''

In assessing the suitability for ART treatment, the welfare of the child is of paramount importance.

The following factors will be considered in assessing a couple’s suitability for ART treatment:
*Their physical, mental, and social well-being
*Their medical histories and the medical histories of their families
*Their ages and likely future ability to look after or provide for a child's needs
*Their commitment to having and bringing up a child or children
*Their ability to provide a stable and supportive environment for any child born as a result of treatment
*Their ability to meet the needs of any child or children who may be born as a result of treatment, including the implications of any possible multiple births or disability
*Any risk of harm to the child or children who may be born, including the risk of inherited disorders, problems during pregnancy, and of neglect or abuse

Note: “The Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance, passed in 1997, dictates that fertility treatment in Hong Kong can only be offered to heterosexual married couples. But, that legislation could possibly change as the Equal Opportunities Commission is in the midst of completing a public consultation on the review of discrimination law.” (See http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/1677954/hong-kong-ban-ivf-unwed-discriminatory-say-critics.)

'''Surrogacy'''

Commercial surrogacy is prohibited by statute (s 17), and any surrogacy arrangement is unenforceable (s 18).

'''Gamete and Embryo Donation'''

Gamete and embryo donation are not permitted. Only the gametes and embryos of the intended parents (or the surrogate mother) may be used.

'''Embryo Research'''

Embryo research requires a license. In order to obtain a license the research must be:
*to promote advances in the treatment of infertility;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of congenital disease;
*to increase knowledge about the causes or treatment of miscarriages;
*to develop more effective techniques of contraception;
*to develop methods for detecting the presence of gene or chromosome abnormalities in embryos before implantation;
*to increase knowledge about the development of embryos;
*to increase knowledge about serious disease; or
*to enable such knowledge to be applied in the development of treatments to combat serious disease
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Timor-Leste

2015-08-06T19:21:29Z

Administrator: Administrator moved page East Timor to Timor-Leste over redirect: revert

{{Country
|name=Timor-Leste
|image_flag=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/500px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=1115000
|GDP=459
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=?
|European Union=
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=
|Council of Europe=
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Introduction=
|Key laws and policies=
|Foundational values=
|Prohibited practices=
|Permitted and regulated practices=
|Regulatory activities=
|Accountability and governance=
|History=
|External links=
}}

Timor-Leste

2015-08-06T19:14:23Z

Administrator: Administrator moved page Timor-Leste to East Timor

User talk:Natalie Oveyssi

2015-06-04T18:40:32Z

Administrator: Welcome!

'''Welcome to ''BioPolicyWiki''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [[Help:Contents|help pages]].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[User:Administrator|Administrator]] ([[User talk:Administrator|talk]]) 13:40, 4 June 2015 (CDT)

User:Natalie Oveyssi

2015-06-04T18:40:31Z

Administrator: Creating user page for new user.

Natalie Oveyssi is a Staff Associate for the Center for Genetics and Society, a nonprofit information and public affairs organization working to encourage responsible uses and effective societal governance of human genetic and reproductive technologies and other emerging technologies. The Center for Genetics and Society was founded in 2001 and is based in Berkeley, California.

User:Sonia Allan

2014-10-13T17:09:45Z

Administrator: Creating user page for new user.

Sonia Allan is Senior Lecturer in Law at Macquarie University. Her research focuses on wide-ranging health-related ethical, legal, human rights and regulatory issues. She has worked extensively in advocating for women and children in situations in which assisted reproduction has been used and researching the regulation of new biotechnologies. Her latest major work is The Patient and the Practitioner: Health Law and Ethics in Australia, co-authored with Meredith Blake (2014).

User talk:Sonia Allan

2014-10-13T17:09:45Z

Administrator: Welcome!

Vietnam

2014-06-25T22:57:13Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Vietnam ‎
|image_flag=Flag_of_Vietnam.png‎
|Region=Asia
|Population=87375000
|GDP=70,022
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=PROHIBITED
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* [http://giadinh.net.vn/3496-preview,Phap_lenh_Dan_so_nam_2003.html Phap Lenh Dan So Ordinance on Population], No. 06/2003/PL-UBTVQH11, art. 23(2) (2003)
* Gender Equity Law (2006)
|Prohibited practices=The Ordinance on Population prohibits:
* Reproductive cloning
* Research cloning
* Surrogacy"[http://mailman.lbo-talk.org/2003/2003-February/005198.html Vietnam to ban human cloning and surrogacy]," ''Hindustan Times'' (February 15, 2003)"[http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=304 National Polices on Human Genetic Modification: A Preliminary Survey ]," Center for Genetics and Society (November 15, 2003)"[http://cnx.org/content/m14836/latest/ World Cloning Policies]," Kirstin Matthews"[http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/Vietnam.pdf Vietnam]," in ''Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting their Reproductive Lives- East and Southeast Asia'', The Center for Reproductive Rights
* inheritable genetic modification
* sex-selection

The Gender Equity Law of 2006 prohibits sex-selective abortion.Kay Johnson, "[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1680240,00.html Vietnam's Girls Go Missing]," ''Time'' (November 2, 2007)Grant McCool, "[http://www.babycenter.com/204_sex-selection-leads-to-more-baby-boys-in-vietnam-and-nepal_5224115.bc Sex selection leads to more baby boys in Vietnam and Nepal]," Reuters (November 5, 2007)
|Permitted and regulated practices=Providing eggs for reproduction is permitted, as long as there is no compensation.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. April 1, 2007)
}}
== References ==

Venezuela

2014-06-25T22:56:28Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Venezuela
|image_flag=Flag_of_Venezuela.png
|Region=Latin America
|Population=28199822
|GDP=236,390
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=?
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|Permitted and regulated practices=Providing eggs for reproduction, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and surrogacy are not covered by guidelines or national law, implying an absence of national policy.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
}}
== References ==

Uzbekistan

2014-06-25T22:55:37Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Uzbekistan
|image_flag=Flag_of_Uzbekistan.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=26593000
|GDP=22,307
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Uruguay

2014-06-25T22:55:00Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Uruguay
|image_flag=Uruguay.png
|Region=Latin America
|Population=3460607
|GDP=22,951
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial allowed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Permitted and regulated practices=Providing eggs for reproduction, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and Surrogacy are not covered by guidelines or national law, implying an absence of national policy.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
}}
== References ==

Uganda

2014-06-25T22:52:23Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Uganda
|image_flag=Uganda-flag.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=30900000
|GDP=11,227
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Turkmenistan

2014-06-25T22:51:47Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Turkmenistan
|image_flag=TurkmenistanFlag.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=5110023
|GDP=26,909
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Turkey

2014-06-25T22:50:53Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Turkey
|image_flag=Turkey-flag_000.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=70586256
|GDP=663,419
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=no policy
|Research cloning=no policy
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* Code of Public Health, Law No. 94-654 (July 29, 1994)
* Regulation on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer Centers (1996, revised 2001)
|Prohibited practices=Prohibited practices include:
* SurrogacyAmerican Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
* Eggs for assisted reproductionAmerican Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
* Sex selection for non-medical reasonsKalaça and Akin, "[http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/7/1631 Sex selection continued: The issue of sex selection in Turkey]," Human Reproduction (1995; 10: 1631-1632)
* Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for non-medical reasons
|Permitted and regulated practices=There is no policy on reproductive or research cloning.Gülriz Uygur and Türkan Yalç∂n Sancar, "[http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/tr_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Turkey] (2005)
}}
== References ==

Tunisia

2014-06-25T22:50:17Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Tunisia
|image_flag=Tunisia-flag.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=10102000
|GDP=35,010
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=?
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* National Medical Ethics Committee, Opinion No. 3 (1997)
|Foundational values=The National Medical Ethics Committee banned human cloning because it deemed cloning to undermine the field of human reproduction and the dignity of the human species while opening the door to all forms of abuse.
|Prohibited practices=Prohibited practices include:
* SurrogacyAmerican Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
* Eggs for assisted reproductionAmerican Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
* Reproductive and research cloning
}}
== References ==

Trinidad and Tobago

2014-06-25T22:49:39Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Trinidad and Tobago
|image_flag=Trinidad-and-tobago-flag.gif
|Region=Latin America
|Population=1305000
|GDP=20,700
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|History=Senate Bill No. 4 of 1999 (An Act Respecting Human Reproductive Technologies and Commerical Transactions Relating to Human Reproduction) would have explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning stating. However, the bill lapsed at the end of the parliamentary session.
}}

Tajikistan

2014-06-25T22:48:08Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Tajikistan
|image_flag=Ti-lgflag.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=6920300
|GDP=3,712
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Spain

2014-06-25T22:47:20Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Spain
|image_flag=Spain_flag_300.png
|Region=Europe
|Population=45200737
|GDP=1438959
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial allowed
|Eggs for research=commercial allowed
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Key laws and policies=* Law on Assisted Human Reproduction Techniques, No. 14/2006 (May 26, 2006)
* Biomedicine Law (2007)
* Law on Human Tissue (1983)
|Prohibited practices=The following practices are prohibited:
* Reproductive cloning
* Parthenogenesis (stimulating the development of an egg without fertilization by sperm, by solely feminine descent)
* Sex selection
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Fertilizing an egg for any purpose other than reproduction

The law No. 35/1988 establishes that “any therapeutic intervention, investigation or research activity in pre-embryos in vitro, pre-embryos, embryos and fetuses in utero, will be authorized only if such intervention or activity does not alter its genetic make-up (in so far as it does not contain any anomaly), or if it is not aimed to individual or race selection”.Global Lawyers and Physicians for Human Rights, [http://www.glphr.org/genetic/europe2-7.htm Database of Global Policies on Human Cloning and Germ-line engineering] (Last updated February 7, 2005)

Under the Law on Assisted Human Reproduction Techniques, surrogacy contracts are explicitly unrecognized, and birthrights are granted to the birthmother.
|Permitted and regulated practices=Research cloning is permitted, but projects must be approved.
|History=Research cloning was approved in cabinet in by parliament in June 2006, and the first project approved in January 2008."[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_6368.shtml Cabinet approves therapeutuc cloning in Spain ]," typicallyspanish.com (September 17, 2006)"[http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_14759.shtml Spain gives go ahead to research using therapeutic cloning ]," typicallyspanish.com (January 24, 2008 )
}}

South Africa

2014-06-25T22:46:05Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=South Africa
|image_flag=South_Africa_Flag.jpg
|Region=Africa
|Population=43700000
|GDP=282,630
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=no policy
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=permitted
|Sex selection=no policy
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www.iucnrosa.org.zw/elisa/Environmental%20Law/south_africa/human_tissue_act.html Human Tissue Act] (s.39A inserted by s.26 of Act No. 51 of 1989) (1983)
* [http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/bills/b32b.pdf National Health Act] (December 31, 2003)
|Foundational values=The South African government practices the precautionary principle by stating, "The risk attached to the use of the technique on humans carries the possibility of hormonal manipulation in the egg donor, multiple miscarriages in the birth mother, and severe developmental abnormalities in any resulting child. The potential harms outweigh the potential benefits, and until studies in animal systems reverse this circumstance, we recommend that the use of human nuclear transfer cloning to create a new life should be prohibited."http://www.glphr.org/genetic/africa2-7.htm

It is recommended that recommendations of the US National Bioethics Advisory Committee should regulate the donation of human embryos for stem cell research.http://www.glphr.org/genetic/africa2-7.htm
|Prohibited practices=The following practices are prohibited by the National Health Act:
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Reproductive cloning
|Permitted and regulated practices=South Africa does not regulate preimplantation genetic diagnosis explicitly by legislation or professional guidelines. However, the Medical Research Council of South Africa states that selecting sex is unethical if done for non-medical purposes.

The National Health Act permits research cloning.

Egg donation is permitted under guidelines, both for reproduction and for research; compensation is limited to reimbursement of expenses.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)Singapore Bioethics Advisory Committee, “[http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/52533%20PMEgg%20Donation%20Consultation%20Paper.pdf Donation Of Human Eggs For Research: A Consultation Paper],” 7 November 2007

Surrogacy is covered by guidelines, implying the absence of national law.
|External links=http://www.iucnrosa.org.zw/elisa/Environmental%20Law/south_africa/human_tissue_act.html

http://www.parliament.gov.za/pls/portalweb_app.utl_output_doc?p_table=draft_ bills&p_doc_col=draft_bill&p_mime_col=mime_type&p_id=588648
}}
== References ==

Slovakia

2014-06-25T22:43:36Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Slovakia
|image_flag=Slovakia-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=5447502
|GDP=74,988
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Key laws and policies=* Act on healthcare, healthcare-related services and on the amendment and supplementing of certain laws, No. 576/2004 Coll. (September 22, 2004)
* Law on health care (Law No. 277/1994 Coll. §42 (3))
* Penal Code (Law No. 140/1961 Coll.,§246a, amended September 2003)
|Prohibited practices=Reproductive and research cloning is prohibited, and punishable by three to eight years imprisonment.Jozef Glasa, [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/sk_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Slovak Republic] (2003)
}}

Serbia

2014-06-25T22:42:30Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Serbia
|image_flag=Serbia_flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=10150265
|GDP=41,679
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Saudi Arabia

2014-06-25T22:41:32Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Saudi Arabia
|image_flag=Saudi-arabia-flag.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=27601038
|GDP=376,029
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Portugal

2014-06-25T22:40:17Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Portugal
|image_flag=Portugal.png
|Region=Europe
|Population=10848692
|GDP=223,303
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Key laws and policies=* Law Concerning Medically Assisted Reproduction ([http://www.dre.pt/pdfgratis/2006/07/14300.pdf Procriação medicamente assistida]), No. 32 (2006)WHO, "[http://www.who.int/idhl-rils/results.cfm?language=english&type=ByIssue&intDigestVolume=57&intIssue=4&strTopicCode=XIA International Digest of Health Legislation]," accessed on July 8, 2008
|Foundational values=The [http://www.cnecv.gov.pt/cnecv/en/ National Council of Ethics for the Life Sciences (CNEV)] stated in a 1997 [http://www.cnecv.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/777F41D6-781E-43E5-B666-FFA1B306B3FD/0/p021_en.pdf Opinion] (reiterated in [http://www.cnecv.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/770EA390-9326-4FF9-B28D-D70A7E9AD961/0/p048_en.pdf 2006]) that human cloning is ethically unacceptable due to the problems it raises concerning human dignity, the equilibrium of the species and life in society.
|Prohibited practices=The 2006 Law Concerning Medically Assisted Reproduction prohibits:

* Reproductive cloning
* Social sex selection
* The creation of embryos for research
* The creation of chimeras or hybrids

In addition, Portugal's ratification of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine and the Additional Protocol Regarding Human Cloning commits it to prohibitions on somatic genetic enhancement and inheritable genetic modification.
|Permitted and regulated practices=According to 2006 Law Concerning Medically Assisted Reproduction:

* PGD may not be used in the case of multifactorial diseases where the predictive value of the genetic test is very low.

* Surrogate motherhood whether for payment or otherwise is not recognized, the woman who undergoes pregnancy being deemed, for all legal purposes, to be the mother.

* Scientific research with embryos is permitted for the purposes of prevention, diagnosis, or therapy, the improvement of MAP techniques, and the constitution of stem cell banks for transplantation or other therapeutic objectives.

* Donation of eggs, sperm and embryos is permitted "where, in the light of current scientific knowledge, it is not possible for a woman to become pregnant by any other means and where the quality of gametes can be assured."
}}
== References ==

Poland

2014-06-25T22:39:43Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Poland
|image_flag=Poland_flag.gif‎
|Region=Europe
|Population=38518241
|GDP=420,284
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Key laws and policies=* Act on Family Planning, Human Embryo Protection and Conditions of Legal Pregnancy Termination (January 1993)

* Act on the Medical Profession (Dz. U. z 2002 r. Nr 21 poz. 204 z pó˚n. zm.) (December 5, 1996) Jacek A. Piàtkiewicz, "[http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/pl_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Poland]," European Commission, Brussels (2005)
|Foundational values="The right to life enjoys protection, including the pre-natal phase, within limits specified in the Act." (Article 1 of the Act on Family Planning, Human Embryo Protection and Conditions of Legal Pregnancy Termination )
|Prohibited practices=The following acts are prohibited:

* Research using embryos
* Research using cell products derived from embryos Human Fertility and Embryology Authority (UK), "[http://www.hfea.gov.uk/en/1579.html Hybrids and Chimeras: Findings of the Consultation, Annex C – International Perspective]" (September 5, 2007)
* SurrogacyRachel Cook, Shelley Day Sclater, and Felicity Kaganas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FOyyRd9IM74C&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=poland+surrogacy+law+OR+policy&source=web&ots=vNCibMRGt2&sig=bD5ZlVsF7HindsRctDSH9LA1ZZQ&hl=en Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives]'', Hart Publishing (2003), p. 2
Cloning is prohibited implicitly and specifically by the Code of Ethics for physicians.
}}
== References ==

Peru

2014-06-25T22:38:53Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Peru
|image_flag=Flag_of_peru.png‎
|Region=Latin America
|Population=28674757
|GDP=109,069
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited; unrecognized
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* General Health Law ([http://www.minsa.gob.pe/leyes/l26842_lgs/titu01.htm Ley General de Salud]) No. 26842 (1997)
|Prohibited practices=Article 7 of the General Health Law prohibits:

* Fertilization of human oocytes other than for procreation
* Reproductive cloning of human beingsUNESCO, "[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001342/134277e.pdf National Legislation Concerning Human Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning]" (July 2004)

The prohibition on inheritable genetic modification is implicit.
|Permitted and regulated practices=Egg donation, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and surrogacy are not covered by guidelines or national law, but are practiced.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
}}
== References ==

Pakistan

2014-06-25T22:37:51Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Pakistan
|image_flag=Pakistan.gif‎
|Region=Asia
|Population=169300000
|GDP=143,766
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

New Zealand

2014-06-25T22:36:07Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=New Zealand
|image_flag=Nz-flag001.jpg
|Region=Oceania
|Population=4252000
|GDP=128,141
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=PROHIBITED
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* [http://interim.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0092/latest/DLM319241.html Human Assisted Reproductive Technology Act No. 92] (2004)

* Advisory Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology, [http://www.ecart.health.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexcm/ecart-resources-guidelines-preimplantation Guidelines on Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis] (March 2005)
|Prohibited practices=The 2004 Act prohibits in [http://interim.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0092/latest/DLM319832.html Schedule 1]:

* Human reproductive cloning
* Implantation of chimeras
* Implantation of genetically modified embryos

It also prohibits:
* The development of in vitro embryos beyond 14 days or the appearance of the primitive streak
* Social sex selection
* Sale of embryos and gametes
* Commercial surrogacy
|Permitted and regulated practices=Surrogacy arrangements are not illegal but not enforceable. Reasonable and necessary expenses may be reimbursed.

PGD may not be used for social reasons, including sex selection, to "alter the genetic constitution of an embryo" or to select for "a genetic impairment seen in a parent."
}}
[[Category:Country]]

Netherlands

2014-06-25T22:35:10Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=The Netherlands
|image_flag=Netherlands.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=16408557
|GDP=768,704
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www.minvws.nl/en/folders/ibe/2002/introduction-embryo-act.asp Act containing rules relating to the use of gametes and embryos (Embryos Act)] (July 1, 2002)
* [http://www.healthlaw.nl/wmoeng1.html Act concerning medical research involving human subjects] (February 26, 1998)
* Commercial Surrogacy Act (November 1, 1993).
|Prohibited practices=The Embryos Act prohibits:

* Reproductive cloning
* Inheritable genetic modification
* Social sex selection
* Charging a fee for gametes or embryos above direct costs incurred
* Allowing an embryo to develop outside the human body for longer than 14 days
* Implanting a chimeric embryo into a human or animal, or allowing one to develop longer than 14 days
|Permitted and regulated practices=Donation of embryos left over from fertility treatment for research is permitted under the 2002 Act. Such research "must be of medical importance. If there are alternative methods, they must be used."Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, "[http://www.minvws.nl/en/folders/ibe/2002/introduction-embryo-act.asp Embryo Act Documentation]" (October 24, 2005)

Commercial surrogacy is generally prohibited by the Commercial Surrogacy Act. More accurately, the professional mediation and arrangement of surrogacy is prohibited, as opposed to the actual act.Frans C. B. van Wijman and Guido M. W. R. de Gert, "Genetics and Artificial Procreation in the Netherlands," in ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kVlSzctpFUUC&printsec=frontcover Biomedicine, the Family and Human Rights]'', Marie Thérèse Meulders-Klein, Ruth Deech, Paul Vlaardingerbroek (Eds.) Springer (2002), pp. 288-289

PGD is only allowed if there is a high risk of a serious genetic disease, but there seems to be a tendency to allow testing for a more extensive range of diseases than in the past. "[http://www.expatica.com/nl/articles/news/Dutch-MPs-agree-on-embryo-testing.html Dutch MPs agree on embryo testing]," Radio Netherlands / Expatica (July 4, 2008)
|Regulatory activities=All research programs must be approved by the [http://www.ccmo-online.nl/main.asp?pid=1&taal=1 Central Committee on Research involving Human Subjects (CCMO)]."
|History=The creation of embryos for research was prohibited by the 2002 Act for a period of three to five years, "after which a decision will be taken on whether to lift the ban so that creating embryos for research purposes may be allowed subject to extremely strict conditions."
}}
== References ==

[[Category:Country]]

Nepal

2014-06-25T22:34:31Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Nepal
|image_flag=Flag_of_Nepal.png
|Region=Asia
|Population=28901790
|GDP=9,627
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Namibia

2014-06-25T22:33:35Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Namibia
|image_flag=Namibia_flag.jpg‎
|Region=Africa
|Population=1820916
|GDP=7,400
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Morocco

2014-06-25T22:33:01Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Morocco
|image_flag=Morocco-flag.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=33757175
|GDP=73,429
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=no policy
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Permitted and regulated practices=Providing eggs, surrogacy, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis are covered by guidelines, implying the absence of national law. However, PGD is not in practice used. American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
}}
== References ==

Montenegro

2014-06-25T22:32:32Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Montenegro
|image_flag=Montenegro_Flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=684,736
|GDP=2,270
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Moldova

2014-06-25T22:31:44Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Moldova
|image_flag=Moldova-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=4128047
|GDP=4,227
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Prohibited practices=Research cloning is prohibited. Human Fertility and Embryology Authority (UK), "[http://www.hfea.gov.uk/en/1579.html Hybrids and Chimeras: Findings of the Consultation, Annex C – International Perspective]," September 5, 2007
}}
== References ==

Mexico

2014-06-25T22:31:08Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Mexico
|image_flag=Mexico.gif
|Region=Latin America
|Population=108700891
|GDP=893,365
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* General Health Law (February 7, 1984, amended June 2006)Rosario M. Isasi and Bartha M. Knoppers, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/pdf/geneticTesting.pdf National Regulatory Frameworks Regarding Human Reproductive Genetic Testing]," A Report for the Genetics and Public Policy Center (July 2006)
* Regulation of the General Health Law on Scientific Health Research (1985)
|Prohibited practices=Reproductive and research cloning, inheritable genetic modification, and surrogacy are prohibited, at least implicitly.Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=29 Cloning, General Health Law (Mexico)]"Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=42 Human Genetic Modification, General Health Law (Mexico)]"Kathryn Wheat and Kirstin Matthews, "[http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~neal/stemcell/World.pdf World Human Cloning Policies]," Paper Presented at ''Stem Cells: Saving Lives or Crossing Lines,'' Houston, Texas (November 20-21, 2004)Rachel Cook, Shelley Day Sclater, and Felicity Kaganas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FOyyRd9IM74C&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=mexico+surrogacy+law+OR+policy&source=web&ots=vNCibMRGt2&sig=bD5ZlVsF7HindsRctDSH9LA1ZZQ&hl=en Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives]'', Hart Publishing (2003) p. 2
|Permitted and regulated practices=Providing eggs for reproduction is permitted under guidelines.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)

There is no law or policy regarding PGD.Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=56 Reproductive Genetic Testing, General Health Law (Mexico)]"
|History="The regulation of PGD has been subject to ample parliamentary debate, and several bills have been introduced. Most of the draft bills call for restricting use of the procedure to serious conditions and for prohibiting PGD sex selection for non-medical purposes."
|External links=* Ministry of Health ([http://portal.salud.gob.mx/ Secretaría de Salud])
}}
== References ==

Malta

2014-06-25T22:29:09Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Malta
|image_flag=Malta.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=402,000
|GDP=7,419
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|European Union=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Accountability and governance="Maltese legislation is silent on a number of topics relating to research. This is particularly the case for genomic research, where the Patents Act is the only legislation, which deals primarily with patenting rather that with the research as such."Pierre Mallia, "[http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/mt_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Malta]," European Commission, Brussels (2003) Patents may not be issued for human cells, cloning processes, processes for modifying the human germline genetic identity or commercial uses of the human embryo.
}}
== References ==

Macedonia

2014-06-25T22:28:21Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
|image_flag=Yugo.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=2038514
|GDP=7,497
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
}}

Luxembourg

2014-06-25T22:27:50Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Luxembourg
|image_flag=Luxembourg_flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=480,222
|GDP=50,160
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=Member
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=signed
|Key laws and policies=* Law No. 4567 on medically assisted procreation. Minister of Health, Committee for Research Ethics (1995)
|Accountability and governance=A new law governing matters related to embryonic stem cell research (for which there was no previous regulatory provision) was in preparation in 2007. The proposal "doesn’t allow research on human embryos in vitro."European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies to the European Commission, "[http://ec.europa.eu/european_group_ethics/activities/docs/opinion_22_final_follow_up_en.pdf Recommendation on the ethical review of hESC FP7 research projects. Opinion No.22]," Brussels (2007) p. 93
}}
== References ==

Lithuania

2014-06-25T22:27:18Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Lithuania
|image_flag=Lithuania-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=3369600
|GDP=38,345
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=PROHIBITED
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|European Union=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_e?p_id=148740 Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research] No. VIII-1679 (May 11, 2000)
|Foundational values=The Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research states that "Biomedical research must be conducted according to the principle whereby the interests of the human being prevail over the interests of society and science."
|Prohibited practices=The Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research prohibits

* Human cloning
* "Invasive" research on human embryos

In addition, Lithuania's ratification of the [[Council of Europe|Council of Europe's]] Convention on Biomedicine commits it to prohibitions on:

* PGD for social uses
* Research cloning
* Somatic genetic enhancement
* Inheritable genetic modification
|Regulatory activities=The Law on Ethics of Biomedical Research states that "Biomedical research in Lithuania may be performed only subject to an approval obtained from the [http://www.sam.lt/bioetika/ Lithuanian Bioethics Committee] or the Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee."
|External links=* Eugenijus Gefenas and Asta Cekanauskaite, ''[http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/lt_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Lithuania],'' European Commission, Brussels (2003)
}}

Liechtenstein

2014-06-25T22:26:28Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Liechtenstein
|image_flag=Liechtenstein.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=35,365
|GDP=3,500
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=permitted
|Council of Europe=Member
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
}}

Libya

2014-06-25T22:25:50Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Libya
|image_flag=Libya.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=6173579
|GDP=57,064
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Latvia

2014-06-25T22:25:10Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Latvia
|image_flag=Latvia-flag.gif
|Region=Europe
|Population=2270700
|GDP=27,341
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=permitted
|Eggs for research=permitted
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=PROHIBITED
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial prohibited
|European Union=Member
|Council of Europe=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED
|Key laws and policies=* Law on Sexual and Reproductive Health ([http://www.ttc.lv/New/lv/tulkojumi/E0750.doc Word document]) (Seksuālās un reproduktīvās veselības likums, July 2002, amended 2004)
|Prohibited practices=Articles 15 and 16 of the Law on Sexual and Reproductive Health prohibit:

* Reproductive cloning
* The creation of human embryos for research purposes
* Social sex selection
* Commercial uses of gametes and embryos

Surrogacy is prohibited.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)
|Permitted and regulated practices=Gamete donation is regulated, but the law does not mention compensation from private parties.
}}
== References ==

Kyrgyzstan

2014-06-25T22:24:12Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Kyrgyzstan
|image_flag=Kyrgyzstan.jpg
|Region=Asia
|Population=5264000
|GDP=3,748
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=commercial allowed
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no vote
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Kuwait

2014-06-25T22:22:38Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Kuwait
|image_flag=Kuwait.gif
|Region=Asia
|Population=2390543
|GDP=111,339
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=PROHIBITED
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Kenya

2014-06-25T22:22:00Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Kenya
|image_flag=Kenya-flag.gif
|Region=Africa
|Population=34707800
|GDP=29,299
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Kazakhstan

2014-06-25T22:21:23Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Kazakhstan
|image_flag=Kazakhflag.jpg
|Region=Asia
|Population=15217711
|GDP=103,840
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=?
|Eggs for research=?
|Inheritable genetic modification=?
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?
|Reproductive cloning=?
|Research cloning=?
|Sex selection=?
|Surrogacy=no policy
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
}}

Japan

2014-06-25T22:20:11Z

Administrator:

{{Country
|name=Japan
|image_flag=Japan_flag.JPG
|Region=Asia
|Population=127433494
|GDP=4383762
|Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED
|Eggs for research=commercial prohibited
|Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED
|Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy
|Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED
|Research cloning=regulated
|Sex selection=no policy
|Surrogacy=no policy
|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member
|1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a
|1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a
|2005 UN Cloning Vote=no
|2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED
|Treaty of Lisbon=n/a
|Key laws and policies=* [http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shinkou/seimei/eclone.pdf Law Concerning Regulation Relating to Human Cloning Techniques and Other Similar Techniques] (June 2001)
|Foundational values=The preamble to the 2001 cloning law speaks about "preservation of human dignity, safety for human life and body, and maintenance of social order."
|Prohibited practices=The 2001 cloning law prohibits
* Human reproductive cloning
* Inheritable genetic modification
* The transfer of "a human-animal amphimictic embryo, a human-animal hybrid embryo or a human-animal chimeric embryo into a uterus of a human or an animal"
|Permitted and regulated practices=Although the Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology has long prohibited surrogacy in its guidelines, there appears to be no law directly addressing the practice. Recent media coverage of surrogacy has prompted a public discussion.Chisa Fujioka, "[http://www.babycenter.com/204_japans-surrogate-mothers-emerge-from-shadows_5229785.bc Japan's surrogate mothers emerge from shadows]," Reuters (March 13, 2008) The Supreme Court ruled that the birth mother or birth parents are the legal parents of a child.Shigeo Miyagawa, "[http://www.thecourt.ca/2007/05/11/the-supreme-court-of-japan-rejects-a-nevada-court-judgment-on-surrogate-mother-contracts/ Report from Japan: Surrogacy Contracts in the Supreme Court of Japan]," ''The Court'' (May 11, 2007)

The prohibition on providing eggs for reproductive purposes may be under guidelines rather than a law.American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)

PGD is covered by guidelines, not legislation.Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=55 Reproductive Genetic Testing, Guidelines for Genetic Testing (Japan)]"
}}
== References ==